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This Concept Map, created with IHMC CmapTools, has information related to: DPSIR_niger_holistic, changed rainfall amounts and patterns (trend: -3.5mm/y rainfall on Upper Niger Basin) (wetwin p.17) decreased flooding area and level, population growth, immigration (1m people inhabit the IND, growthrate: 2.6% pa) increasing food demand, competition for land (e.g. new herders versus traditional users) severe food insecurity, economic growth upstream development (dams, water use for irrigation, drinking and sanitation), increasing evapo- transpiration lower water level and flow, climate change and variability rising temperatures, increasing water demand depletion of water resources, higher need for livestock, crop, fishery production agricultural intensification, Responses Pressures, lower water level and flow depletion of water resources, rising temperatures increasing evapo- transpiration, PES (upstream - downstream) income from beneficieries upstream of IND can reduce severe food insecurity, ecological degradation, decreased ecosystem services (vegetation cover is deteriorating, loss of biodiversity, overfishing, wetland degradation) lower productivity (e.g. of bourgou and floating rice), changed rainfall amounts and patterns (trend: -3.5mm/y rainfall on Upper Niger Basin) (wetwin p.17) lower water level and flow, Potential measures (wetwin) modified upstream management intensive aquaculture, more productive farming practices development of ecotourism (etc.) decrease of fish production and catch, depletion of water resources decrease of fish production and catch, land conversion for agricultural production (encroachment of wetlands, pastures, pastoral migration routes and resting areas) ecological degradation, decreased ecosystem services (vegetation cover is deteriorating, loss of biodiversity, overfishing, wetland degradation), State Impact, increasing food demand severe food insecurity, ecological degradation, decreased ecosystem services (vegetation cover is deteriorating, loss of biodiversity, overfishing, wetland degradation) severe food insecurity