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This Concept Map, created with IHMC CmapTools, has information related to: copd-temp, Air trapping during each expiration (cough effect) Development of hypoventilation and hypercapnea, Diagnostic Tests Alpha-1-Antitrypsin Levels, Complications End-stage lung disease, Air trapping during each expiration (cough effect) Cough, Diagnostic Tests Oximetry, 68 year-old male diagnosed with COPD exacerbation Treatments, Signs and Symptoms Wheezing, Treatments Inhaled corticosteroids, Expiration becomes difficult because elastic recoil is lost thus less air can be expired. large air spaces develop; hyperinflation of alveoli and significan V/Q mismatching and hypoxemia., 68 year-old male diagnosed with COPD exacerbation Complications, Causative Factors Irritants, Other Inhaled Tobacco Cigar, Causative Factors Breathing in fumes, Antibiotics Acute Exacerbations, Cor Pulmonale Pulmonary HTN, Complications Pneumonia, Diagnostic Tests Chest x-ray, Other Inhaled Tobacco Pipe, Main cause of client's COPD Cigarette Smoking, Causative Factors Air Pollutant