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This Concept Map has information related to: COPD Spr 08 Cmap1, Complications End-stage lung disease, Diagnostic Tests Alpha-1-Antitrypsin Levels, Air trapping during each expiration (cough effect) Development of hypoventilation and hypercapnea, Air trapping during each expiration (cough effect) Cough, Diagnostic Tests Oximetry, Signs and Symptoms Wheezing, 58 year-old male diagnosed with COPD exacerbation Treatments, Expiration becomes difficult because elastic recoil is lost thus less air can be expired. large air spaces develop; hyperinflation of alveoli and significan V/Q mismatching and hypoxemia., Treatments Inhaled corticosteroids, Causative Factors Irritants