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This Concept Map, created with IHMC CmapTools, has information related to: 404 A, Disk bulge - Annular fibers intact Disk protrusion - Localized bulging with damage of some annular fibers, 48 yr old male with spondylosis Pathophysiology, Risk/Causative Factors Obesity, The intervertebral disks act as shock absorbers and are found between the bodies of the vertebrae. They have a central area composed of a colloidal gel, called the nucleus pulposus, which is surrounded by a fibrous capsule, the annulus fibrosis., Patient is lying supine with one leg either straight or flexed at the knee, with the sole of the foot flat on the stretcher. The other leg is kept straight and lifted by the examiner. If pain occurs when the leg is lifted between 30-70 degrees from horizontal and travels down the leg until below the knee, the test is positive, Disk protrusion - Localized bulging with damage of some annular fibers Disk extrusion - Extended bulge with loss of annular fibers, but disk remains intact, If pain occurs when the leg is lifted between 30-70 degrees from horizontal and travels down the leg until below the knee, the test is positive radiates down the leg, particularly below the level of the knee, S/S PAIN, located bilaterally at the posterior belt line This structure is held together by the anterior longitudinal ligament, which is anterior to the vertebral bodies, The normal aging process of the musculoskeletal system aggravates acute events Disk extrusion - Extended bulge with loss of annular fibers, but disk remains intact, the posterior longitudinal ligament, which is posterior to the vertebral bodies and anterior to the spinal cord. The muscles of the trunk provide additional support., 48 yr old male with spondylosis S/S, Disk extrusion - Extended bulge with loss of annular fibers, but disk remains intact Disk sequestration - Fragment of disk broken off from the nucleus pulposus, Nomenclature specific to lumbar disk disease is as follows: Disk bulge - Annular fibers intact, PAIN onset of pain may begin suddenly or gradually after injury, PAIN localized to the lower back and gluteal area, Risk/Causative Factors smoking, Risk/Causative Factors male-to-female ratio is approximately 1:1., A positive straight leg raising test is indicative of nerve root involvement Patient is lying supine with one leg either straight or flexed at the knee, with the sole of the foot flat on the stretcher. The other leg is kept straight and lifted by the examiner., 48 yr old male with spondylosis Risk/Causative Factors