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This Concept Map has information related to: Suburbs, Metropolitan Areas, and Rural Communities, Fragmentation of metropolitan government makes it extremely difficult to establish responsibility for metropolitan area policy ???? Public services suffer because small units are unable to provide many specialized services, Plans for Metropolitan Cooperation in Transfer of functions, the county has taken over a variety of public services by entering into con- tractual arrangements with local governments,, Council of government (COGs) are voluntary regional associations of local governments in a metropolitan area that concerned about a broad range of problems, such as water supply, transportation, sewers, and airports ???? Closely related entity, Metropolitan planning organizations (MPO) was approved by Congress in the 1970s, it was developed for regional transportation plans, People move away from the central city, urban sprawl has created a maze of government units over which there often is little or no coordination or control by a central agency ???? For Example, New York City metropolitan area, extends over more than 20 counties in 3 states and contains more than 21 million people, Cities vs. Suburbs the Suburban Variety, Zoning ordinances divide a community into districts (residential, industrial, light industrial, commercial, recreational) and prescribe the uses that can be made of the land in each zone recently Widespread opposition had developed against zoning laws that were written shortly after WWII, new generation urban planners started to use zoning as a means to determine what neighborhoods should look like after massive urban renewal bulldozed buildings, Rural and Small-Town America ???? Agribusiness increasingly dominates, with 20% of farms producing 85% of the US agricultural output, Argue that metropolitan areas have become citistates that extend over existing city and county boundaries however Some supporters of consolidation argue that it will help minorities, Rural and Small-Town America ???? In the 1970s the period effect of an energy crisis caused many older, less energy-efficient manufacturing plants in cities close down and many people moved out of cities, Politics of Metropolitan Consolidation ???? Those in favor of consolidation are most likely to be business and professional people whose perspective is similar to that of early twentieth-century urban reformers