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Network (Layer 3) when applying the layering model... Protocol software is divided into modules, Each module only communicates with next higher and lower level layer's module significance of layering is understood in... Layering principle (mouse over info), Network congestion can occur if too much congestion occurs... Congestion collapse can occur (mouse over info), Protocol is required (mouse over info) for protocol use methods are applied... Sequence for Out of Order Delivery (mouse over info), Data Overrun occurs (mouse over info) to prevent this... Stop and Go protocols are implemented and used... (mouse over info), Physical (Layer 1) when applying the layering model... Protocol software is divided into modules, Protocol software is divided into modules one module per... ISO Layer, Congestion collapse can occur (mouse over info) to avoid this... Arrange packet switches to inform senders when congestion occurs, Congestion collapse can occur (mouse over info) to avoid this... Use packet loss as an estimate of congestion, Protocol easier to understand protocols are designed in complete called Suites or families (mouse over info), Sequence for Out of Order Delivery (mouse over info) to handle this issue... Use Sequencing (mouse over info), Sequencing recognizes that a copy has already been received and discards the new copy received from sender this is accomplished by checking the sequence number... On the copy already contained and the incoming possible duplicate, A protocol design for each subpiece important tools are used to understand communication... ISO 7-Layer Reference Model (mouse over info), Excessive delay (mouse over info) in addition if the computer sends data across a network faster than the destination can absorb it... Data Overrun occurs (mouse over info), Protocol is required (mouse over info) instead of application program interacting with a network... Application program interacts with protocol software, Session (Layer 5) when applying the layering model... Protocol software is divided into modules, Application (Layer 7) when applying the layering model... Protocol software is divided into modules, A protocol design for each subpiece this makes each... Protocol easier to understand, ISO 7-Layer Reference Model (mouse over info) layers are... (mouse over info on all) Application (Layer 7), ISO 7-Layer Reference Model (mouse over info) layers are... (mouse over info on all) Data Link (Layer 2), ISO 7-Layer Reference Model (mouse over info) layers are... (mouse over info on all) Network (Layer 3), ISO 7-Layer Reference Model (mouse over info) layers are... (mouse over info on all) Session (Layer 5), ISO 7-Layer Reference Model (mouse over info) layers are... (mouse over info on all) Presentation (Layer 6), ISO 7-Layer Reference Model (mouse over info) layers are... (mouse over info on all) Physical (Layer 1), ISO 7-Layer Reference Model (mouse over info) layers are... (mouse over info on all) Transport (Layer 4), ISO Layer layering determines interaction among modules... Each module only communicates with next higher and lower level layer's module, Sliding window protocol is used (mouse over info) to appreciate this protocol you must consider a high throughput network with a large delay... Performance increase is possible by a factor greater than 1. (mouse over info), Each module only communicates with next higher and lower level layer's module additional information in a header is sent to a lower layer... Called Multiple Nested Headers, Presentation (Layer 6) when applying the layering model... Protocol software is divided into modules, Transport (Layer 4) when applying the layering model... Protocol software is divided into modules, Application program interacts with protocol software protocols divided into subpieces... A protocol design for each subpiece, Protocol software is divided into modules additional stackes are sometimes used... Been replaced with TCP/IP, If timer runs out the sender retransmits also considered... Excessive delay (mouse over info), Chapter 16 in order to communicate... Protocol is required (mouse over info), Sender from the receiver when sender transmits a counter is started... If timer runs out the sender retransmits, Stop and Go protocols are implemented and used... (mouse over info) to increase throughput... Sliding window protocol is used (mouse over info), Data Link (Layer 2) when applying the layering model... Protocol software is divided into modules, If collision occurs on a LAN CSMA/CD receiver sends a valid tranmission sender backs off from collision and retransmits creating a duplicate copy... Sequencing recognizes that a copy has already been received and discards the new copy received from sender, If timer runs out the sender retransmits this can lead to duplicate copies being made... Sequencing is again used avoid duplicate copies (see sequencing), Protocol is required (mouse over info) protocol design is considered nontrivial for two reasons... And protocol mechanisms can interact in unexpected ways., Protocol is required (mouse over info) protocol design is considered nontrivial for two reasons... Carful consideration of communication details. Use of sequencing is beneficial in order to reduce duplication of packets or unnecessary waist of bandwidth on transmissions, Been replaced with TCP/IP protocols from a given stack... Cannot interact with protocols from another, Each module only communicates with next higher and lower level layer's module software in a given layer... Adds information to outgoing data, Data Overrun occurs (mouse over info) in addition... Network congestion can occur, Use Sequencing (mouse over info) to eliminate duplicate packets... If collision occurs on a LAN CSMA/CD receiver sends a valid tranmission, On the copy already contained and the incoming possible duplicate to avoid losing a packet an acknowldegment signal is received by... Sender from the receiver, Adds information to outgoing data Receiving computer uses the information... To process incoming data