graber 2002 scientists fail to show media effects (but they're there) zaller 2002 power analysis needed to find aggregate effects that may be hidden under the surface price & zaller 1993 reliance on self-reported levels of news media should be abandoned; using more types of media exposure should expose more effects graber 2002 efforts hampered by measurement problems; cognitions, feelings, and actions of respondents are difficult to seperate from actual effects that may have changed nelson & oxley 2000 experimental frames influence beliefs but results are small and cannot fully account for direction of resulting opinion shift; did significantly affect importance of belief, however