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This Concept Map, created with IHMC CmapTools, has information related to: Constructivism CMap, Constructivism was introduced by Lev Vygotsky, Constructivism captures principles valued by educators and instructional designers, principles valued by educators and instructional designers including integration of affect and emotion, principles valued by educators and instructional designers including higher order learning outcomes, Constructivism is criticized for groupthink- encourages 'tyranny of the majority' over marginalized opinions, principles valued by educators and instructional designers including how people really learn, knowledge is created from socio-cultural factors, students through inquiry, principles valued by educators and instructional designers including direct connections between learning and outside the classroom performance, by scholars who argue constructivism and critical thinking are incompatible is criticized for elitism- provides steeply diminishing returns for underprivileged students, Cooperative Learning theorizes small groups work together, Constructivism is beneficial because it uses lessons grounded in authentic, real-world contexts, does not account for all learning, small groups work together to reach conclusions, students through reflection, learning through reflection, instructor designs and plans activities, Constructivism is beneficial because it keeps students active and interested, Constructivism is criticized for lack of hard evidence of success, owing to constructivism's refutation of test-based evaluations, Constructivism is criticized for elitism- provides steeply diminishing returns for underprivileged students